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How China's new environmental code translates national ecological goals into everyday rules_我的网站

一 |     每经记者：张梓桐 每经编辑：魏文艺          7月22日，普华永道中国发布《2026年智能机器人产业发展白皮书》。         

    Herds of elk graze in the foreground of a lush wetland in Yancheng, East China's Jiangsu Province, while rows of wind turbines turn gracefully against the distant sky on July 16, 2026. Photo: VCG Editor's Note: 
"Building an ecological civilization concerns the well-being of the people and the future of the nation." 

Chinese President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, once pointed out: "Respecting, adapting to, and protecting nature is essential for building China into a modern socialist country in all respects."
In the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) for national economic and social development, securing major breakthroughs in strategic tasks of overall importance to Chinese modernization and making major new progress in the Beautiful China Initiative are key objectives.
The Global Times is launching a series of articles titled "BeautifulChinaING." From the perspectives of the beauty of nature, the beauty of systems and the beauty of lifestyles, the series uses both Chinese and international cases as entry points. Through field reporting and video storytelling, it explores how green development has become a defining feature of Chinese modernization while showcasing China's role as a responsible major country providing global public goods. 
In this installment, we turn our focus to China's Ecological and Environmental Code and the changes it may bring to everyday life. From neighborhood noise and restaurant fumes to ecological conservation and green development, this article examines how the code brings scattered environmental rules into a unified framework, strengthens public participation and turns the vision of a Beautiful China into concrete rules for environmental governance.
A power drill starts in a neighboring apartment just as someone is trying to sleep. Cooking fumes from the restaurant downstairs drift through an open window. A modified car roars past a residential compound, while a food delivery arrives wrapped in layers of plastic. According to China's new Ecological and Environmental Code, these seemingly minor, everyday frictions - closely tied to how people live, sleep, cook, commute and consume - are precisely where environmental governance begins.
The code will take effect on Saturday. Spanning 1,242 articles across five books, it is China's second law to be formally titled a "code," following the Civil Code. It brings pollution control, ecological conservation and green and low-carbon development under one legal framework, while incorporating 10 existing laws.
Speaking at a press conference held on Thursday, Minister of Ecology and Environment Li Gao said that the Ecological and Environmental Code is of major and far-reaching significance for safeguarding the public's ecological and environmental rights and interests in accordance with the law, consolidating the legal foundation for building a Beautiful China, and accelerating modernization characterized by harmony between humanity and nature.
As China puts the vast environmental code into force, a practical question arises: How will it make daily life quieter, cleaner and easier to navigate - and turn the vision of a Beautiful China into rules that people can see, use and help enforce?
From doorsteps to ecosystems
    Young students at a primary school in Hai'an, Jiangsu Province, study the Ecological and Environmental Code during a class session on June 3, 2026. Photo: VCG The Ecological and Environmental Code reaches far beyond everyday urban concerns, covering ecological conservation and public participation in environmental governance.
In Mengla county, Southwest China's Yunnan Province, elephant ranger Li Shengqian once walked through a large area of flattened cornfields. While local rangers were attending training, more than 40 wild Asian elephants descended from the mountains, ate the ripe sweet corn, rolled in a mineral-rich pond and then retreated into the forest to sleep. 
A local forestry official told the Global Times that an insurance company would assess the damage and compensate the villagers.
Yunnan has gradually turned such compensation from an improvised response into an institutional arrangement. Under its wildlife-damage public liability insurance system, governments pay the premiums, affected farmers do not contribute, and insurers assess and compensate their losses. 
By August 2024, Xishuangbanna had invested 225 million yuan ($33.3 million) in the scheme and paid 215 million yuan in compensation for wildlife damage, including 188 million yuan for losses caused by Asian elephants.
The code gives such practices a clearer legal foundation. Article 828 requires local governments in areas seriously affected by wildlife damage to combine compensation with preventive measures, including protective barriers, warning signs and monitoring and early-warning systems. It also stipulates compensation for deaths, injuries and losses to crops or other property resulting from the protection of specified wildlife. In this way, the cost of conservation is not left solely to those living closest to protected animals.
For environmental volunteers, the change may be felt in a different way. Yun Jianli founded the Green Hanjiang environmental group in Central China's Hubei Province in 2002 and has spent more than two decades investigating pollution along the Hanjiang River. 
Yun said volunteers previously often had difficulty dealing with legal matters. "When dealing with some environmental issues, we often had to search across different laws to find a legal basis," she told the Global Times. "The new code integrates these systems, providing clearer and more authoritative legal support for environmental actions."
That support extends beyond a general recognition of participation. The code requires public consultations in environmental planning, standard-setting and impact assessments; mandates accessible reporting channels and feedback for real-name reports; and prohibits employers from retaliating against workers who report pollution by their own organizations. 
For volunteers such as Yun, public participation is therefore no longer only an appeal to civic responsibility. It is positioned as a legally protected part of environmental governance.
After Saturday, the code's practical effect will be tested in equally concrete ways.
From blueprint to reality
Turning this wide breadth of laws into a single code requires more than collecting existing statutes. Lawmakers first had to decide which rules should be fully integrated, which specialized laws should remain in place and where new legal foundations were needed. 
Compilation formally began on November 3, 2023. A leadership group coordinated major issues, a drafting task force handled the text, and an expert committee provided specialist input. The draft was reviewed twice as a whole and twice in separate books before it was adopted on March 12, 2026, completing a process of nearly two and a half years.
The approach was described as "moderate codification." Huang Wei, a deputy director of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the National People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee and coordinator of the drafting task force, told the People's Daily that the aim was not to absorb every environmental law into one volume. Instead, different groups of laws were treated differently.
Ten laws covering environmental protection, environmental impact assessment, cleaner production and major forms of pollution control were revised and incorporated in full, and will no longer remain as separate statutes once the code takes effect. Core provisions from more than 20 other laws involving forests, grasslands, major river basins, national parks, energy and resource conservation were included while those laws were retained. For newer fields such as climate governance and the carbon-peaking and carbon-neutrality goals, the code establishes guiding principles while leaving room for more detailed legislation.
The code was also shaped outside meeting rooms in Beijing. In May 2025, Chinese and international students at a vocational university in Southwest China's Chongqing Municipality discussed the draft, with their suggestions sent to the national legislature through a grassroots legislative contact point, according to the Xinhua News Agency.
Ma Jun, director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, also took part in seminars organized by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the NPC Standing Committee and other departments during the code's drafting. His organization later submitted detailed proposals when the draft was released for public comment, he told the Global Times.
"The open legislative process was significant in itself, as it prompted broad public discussion of decades of environmental legislation and the major issues of our time," Ma said. "It has enabled the code to engage with cutting-edge international legislative theories while remaining grounded in the practical challenges China faces," Ma said.
During the four rounds of public consultation, more than 7,000 people participated and submitted over 20,000 comments. The drafting team conducted research in more than 30 localities and held 17 seminars in Beijing with national legislators, government departments, companies, social organizations and scholars, the People's Daily reported. 
Suggestions from the public and grassroots contact points helped shape rules on emerging pollutants, urban greening, climate governance and legal liability. Following deliberations at the final NPC session, more than 200 additional changes were made, including over 100 substantive revisions, Xinhua reported.
Passing the code, however, did not automatically align the many rules beneath it. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment said it was reviewing more than 500 related documents, including over 30 administrative regulations, more than 80 departmental rules and over 400 normative documents. Provisions that conflict with, fail to connect with or no longer fit the code will be revised or repealed, while supporting rules and technical standards are being updated.
Innovative tools have also been used in preparation for the code's implementation. An AI-assisted system has been developed to address the difficulties and high costs involved in assessing ecological and environmental damage. The system has been piloted free of charge in 28 provincial-level regions and applied in more than 300 cases, reducing average assessment time by over 80 percent, according to the ministry.
Wider legal practice
Environmental codification is not unique to China. Sweden adopted its Environmental Code in 1998 and brought together rules previously contained in 15 acts. It then entered into force on January 1, 1999. France issued the legislative part of its Environmental Code in September 2000. Germany also attempted to establish a unified environmental code, but the project stalled in 2009.
In terms of the Ecological and Environmental Code of China, an article published in the international journal Carbon Research described it as a systemic response to the interconnected crises of pollution, biodiversity loss and climate change, while also identifying incomplete supporting rules, uneven legal coordination and limited public awareness as implementation challenges.
An editorial by the People's Daily published on Thursday noted that the enactment of the Ecological and Environmental Code signifies a major transformation in China from a participant to a leader in global environmental governance, providing a legislative model that can be studied by countries around the world, especially developing countries.
Lu Weifu, a researcher at the University of Science and Technology of China, wrote in an article published by China Environment News that the code's distinctive feature lies in combining systematic integration with an open structure. Unlike environmental codes primarily shaped around conventional pollution control, China's code places pollution prevention, ecological conservation and green and low-carbon development within the same framework. Its separate book on green and low-carbon development also brings climate change and economic transformation into the core structure of environmental law.
Ma said that conventional air-pollution control and climate governance had long operated in relatively separate legal systems. By connecting the control of conventional pollutants with reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions, he said, the code could support more coordinated regulation and reduce duplicated systems and administrative work. 
The larger shift is from dealing with environmental harm only after it occurs to addressing how energy, industry and consumption generate that harm in the first place, he said.
    Residents enjoy leisure activities at a sports park transformed from a sand pit left behind by years of unregulated mining in Qionghai, South China's Hainan Province, on August 12, 2026. Photo: VCG After the code takes effect, most people will never read all 1,242 articles. They will encounter it through more practical tests: Whether environmental information can be found, whether a complaint receives a response, whether a polluter repairs the damage and whether a river or neighborhood becomes measurably cleaner. 
That is where this wide-ranging legal experiment returns to the scale at which environmental protection is ultimately felt - the life outside a person's window.
。白皮书指出，中国智能机器人产业已从试点验证迈入规模化落地关键期，预计到2030年将呈现“形态多元化、场景精准化、技术协同化”的发展格局。         但热潮之下，一连串行业争议悬而未决：大厂携资金、算力优势大举入场，创业公司还有多少生存空间？资本疯狂追捧具身智能大模型，商业化落地困局能否被算法破解？押注通用人形机器人，还是深耕垂直场景，哪条路线能够跑通？白皮书发布后，普华永道思略特中国科技、媒体及通信行业合伙人林骏达在接受《每日经济新闻》记者采访时，深度拆解了行业当下的机遇与隐忧。

二 |          林骏达 图片来源：受访者提供          大厂与创业公司分层竞争：赛道无零和博弈，各司其职形成互补          当前，具身智能赛道企业阵营清晰割裂，外界普遍存在一种争论：手握算力、资金、供应链优势的大厂，是否会挤压创业公司的生存空间？          在林骏达看来，当前具身智能赛道并非单一的竞争格局，市场参与者可清晰划分为两大阵营、四类主体，不同玩家基因迥异、壁垒分明，现阶段并非零和博弈，而是各司其职、互补发展。         入局赛道的大厂主要分为两类。一类是以阿里、京东、腾讯为代表的互联网大厂，其核心优势集中在算力储备、大模型算法、数据积累与现金流资源上，长期的互联网技术积淀让其在通用智能算法、模型迭代创新层面具备天然优势，擅长布局泛化性强、适配多场景的通用技术体系。         另一类是以手机、车企为核心的千亿元级硬件厂商，这类企业深耕硬件制造多年，核心壁垒体现在产品定义能力与成熟的供应链体系中，依托长三角、珠三角完善的制造业产业链，能够快速实现机器人本体的量产落地，完美适配具身智能“软硬件一体化”的硬件基底需求。         整体而言，大厂凭借资金、人才、供应链的全方位优势，主攻通用模型、泛化场景与大规模量产产品，聚焦人形机器人等出货量潜力巨大的赛道。         与大厂对应的创业公司同样分为两类，形成了差异化的赛道布局。第一类是高校、实验室、海外科技人才孵化的技术型创业团队，这类企业学术底蕴深厚，核心团队多以博士群体为主，底层模型架构、前沿技术探索能力突出，和早期商汤科技的学术研发底色高度相似。         凭借顶尖的人才团队，这类企业专注世界模型等前沿技术迭代，主攻具身智能底层技术突破，也是资本市场重点押注的“技术颠覆者”。         第二类是深耕垂直场景的产业型创业公司，以普渡机器人等企业为代表。这类企业深耕仓储、送餐、防爆、巡检等细分场景十余年，深度吃透行业客户需求、场景数据与垂直供应链，早已完成场景适配与技术打磨。         不同于前沿技术团队，这类企业不追逐通用技术热点，而是持续筑牢垂类场景壁垒，目前头部企业已实现数亿元至数十亿元营收，完成初步商业化验证。         一直以来，市场存在路线之争：押注通用大模型，还是深耕垂直场景？          “当下行业仍处于百花齐放的培育阶段，各类玩家赛道错位、相互赋能。”林骏达表示，五年前具身智能行业门槛高、回报慢，难以吸引顶尖人才，而如今资本入场带动人才大规模涌入，为行业发展奠定了基础。

三 | 随着本体、大脑、小脑技术不断融合，各类玩家赛道边界逐渐交融，但分层竞争、互补发展的核心格局不会改变。         白皮书认为，人形机器人的核心价值在于天然适配人类创造的物理世界，而非对其他形态的全面替代。未来3至4年，单一的人形机器人形态无法适配全场景作业需求，过度押注可能带来产业资源错配与非理性发展。到2030年，工业机械臂、轮/四足机器人、人形机器人等三类机器人将形成清晰分工、长期共存的稳定格局。

四 |          资本高热暗藏泡沫：技术出圈容易，产业化落地道阻且长          2026年上半年，具身智能赛道分化态势愈发极端。

五 | 资本市场疯狂追捧主打具身智能大脑、大模型算法的创业公司，相关标的接连拿下大额融资，估值快速膨胀；而另一边，能够稳定产生营收的垂类机器人企业获得的关注度却相对有限。         在林骏达看来，资本扎堆布局具身智能大脑赛道，核心是复刻了早期大语言模型的投资逻辑——顶级人才团队具备技术颠覆潜力，前沿模型技术一旦实现突破，便能重塑行业格局，参考OpenAI、Anthropic的成长路径，资本市场愿意为顶尖技术团队的长期价值买单。

六 |          但在具身智能赛道高热之下，林骏达对行业泡沫保持清醒的谨慎。         他指出，具身智能是典型的“知行合一、软硬件一体化”赛道，绝非单纯的模型算法比拼，无法脱离硬件本体独立发展。

七 | 机器人的环境感知、动作捕捉、运动控制、实时纠错等核心能力，都需要依托硬件传感、物理控制体系实现，单纯的软件模型优势无法弥补硬件工程化、场景适配的短板，这也是诸多实验室顶尖技术难以落地的核心原因。         更为关键的是，当前多数热门的模型类创业公司仍停留在实验室验证阶段，尚未触及产业化核心难题。“技术出圈容易，产业化落地很难。”          林骏达强调，具身智能产业化需要经历技术产品化、产品商品化、商品产业化三大阶段，目前绝大多数前沿模型企业仅完成技术探索，尚未落地标准化产品，距离规模化商业化、产业化还有漫长距离。         反观行业内的垂类场景企业，已经率先完成商业化闭环。送餐、化工防爆、矿山巡检等半封闭场景，凭借刚需属性、可量化的降本增效价值，已经实现万台级出货、数亿元级营收，部分企业现金流持续优化，成功跑通商业模式。这类场景不仅能够持续放大供应链规模、降低硬件成本，积累的真实场景数据还能反哺前沿模型迭代，成为行业稳健发展的“压舱石”。         对于行业未来走势，林骏达总结了“两条腿走路”的健康发展格局：一方面，垂类务实场景持续放量，未来三年各细分赛道头部企业将彻底定型，完成从商业化到产业化的跨越；另一方面，国内依托人才、政策、资本红利，在前沿具身智能大模型领域持续对标美国头部企业，实现技术赶超。         在资本热度维度，林骏达认为，行业热度将由三大因素决定：一是硅谷前沿技术的迭代风向标，二是国内产业政策与刚需场景的牵引力度，三是企业商业化闭环与现金流改善速度。

八 | 短期资本热度仍将维持高位，但中长期会向真正具备落地能力、盈利潜力的企业集中，行业将逐步告别泡沫化炒作，进入务实落地的高质量发展阶段。         针对行业资本化路径，林骏达表示，赛道企业已形成清晰的分层上市格局。营收稳定、现金流向好的垂类场景龙头，适配科创板等A股资本市场，依托产业资源持续巩固行业话语权；深耕前沿技术、具备核心技术壁垒但尚未实现大规模营收的创新企业，更适合港股18C等包容性板块，依托耐心资本持续深耕技术研发。         资本市场正在等待一个标杆样本。在林骏达看来，宇树科技近期顺利过会已成为行业标志性事件，打破了市场对机器人赛道“难以资本化”的固有认知，极大提振了行业信心，将推动更多优质具身智能企业对接资本市场，加速行业优胜劣汰。         免责声明：本文内容与数据仅供参考，不构成投资建议，使用前请核实。据此操作，风险自担。         每日经济新闻。

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