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A | London, Oct 18 (UNI) "The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida" by Sri Lankan Shehan Karunatilaka, a supernatural satire set amid a murderous civil war in the island nation, has won the Booker Prize.
The novel is about a photographer who wakes up dead, with a week to ask his friends to find his photos and expose the brutality of war, BBC and other media reported.
Camilla, the Queen Consort, presented the prize, and the author said it had been "an honour and a privilege" to be on the shortlist.
Karunatilaka said as he accepted his prize: "My hope is that in the not too distant future... Sri Lanka has understood that these ideas of corruption and race-baiting and cronyism have not worked and will never work."
The writer said he decided in 2009 to write "a ghost story where the dead could offer their perspective" after the end of the Sri Lankan civil war, "when there was a raging debate over how many civilians died and whose fault it was".
"I hope it's in print in 10 years... if it is, I hope it's written in a Sri Lanka that learns from its stories, and that Seven Moons will be in the fantasy section of the bookshop, next to the dragons, the unicorns and will not be mistaken for realism or political satire," the BBC reported
He added that he had "self-censored" a couple of short stories after author Salman Rushdie was stabbed in August, having faced years of death threats for his novel "The Satanic Verses", which some Muslims see as blasphemous.
"I was in the process of publishing a collection of short stories when this incident happened, and I discovered a couple which I don't think was offensive to any religion," Karunatilaka said.
"But my wife said, can you not do that? You've got two young kids. This story is not that good. Just leave it out."
He added that "this is something that hangs over all of us if we're writing in South Asia, especially writing about politics or religion", the BBC said.
Head judge Neil MacGregor praised the "scope and the skill, the daring, the audacity and hilarity" of the novel, calling it an "afterlife noir" which "takes the reader on a rollercoaster journey through life and death".
He said the judges' decision had been unanimous, adding all of the shortlisted books were "all really about one question, and that is what's the point of an individual life?"
The prestigious £50,000 prize, for a single work of fiction published in the UK in English, also gives the other five writers on the shortlist £2,500 each.
"The Seven Moons of Maali" is Karunatilaka's second novel, having previously won awards including the Commonwealth Book Prize for his debut book Chinaman, which was called the "second best cricket book of all time" by cricketers' almanac Wisden.
Born in 1975, the writer has also worked as an advertising copywriter, and his songs, scripts and stories have been published in Rolling Stone, GQ and National Geographic.
MacGregor, a former director of London's National Gallery and the British Museum, added that the judges read all 170 books put forward for the prize, then whittled them down to 30. They then re-read those, before deciding on the final six, which they read for a third time, the report said.
The other nominees were: "Glory" by NoViolet Bulawayo, "The Trees" by Percival Everett, "Treacle Walker" by Alan Garner, "Small Things Like These" by Claire Keegan and "Oh William!" by Elizabeth Strout.
The Booker-winning novel tells the story of the photographer of its title, who in 1990 wakes up dead in what seems like a celestial visa office. With no idea who killed him, Maali has seven moons to contact the people he loves most and lead them to a hidden cache of photos of civil war atrocities that will rock Sri Lanka, the Daily Mirror reported.
The judges were unanimous in their decision to award the prize to Karunatilaka, according to the chair.
Receiving his prize, Karunatilaka addressed the people of Sri Lanka in Tamil and Sinhalese. He summarised what he said in English: “I write these books for you… Let’s keep sharing these stories.”
The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida is published by the independent press Sort of Books. This year is the first time a book by the publisher has been longlisted for the prize.
Karunatilaka has become the second Sri Lankan-born author to win, following Michael Ondaatje, who won in 1992 with "The English Patient".
In his Guardian review, Tomiwa Owolade said the book’s “scenarios are often absurd … but executed with a humour and pathos that ground the reader”. He added: “Karunatilaka has done artistic justice to a terrible period in his country’s history.”
Karunatilaka, was born in Galle, Sri Lanka, in 1975 and grew up in Colombo.
UNI MR。 BioNTech是德国一家生物技术公司,主要业务为开发和生产针对特定患者的治疗严重疾病的有效免疫疗法。在新冠疫情暴发之前,BioNTech一直在研究mRNA癌症疫苗。但在疫情全球蔓延之后,该公司转而研发新冠疫苗。在新冠疫情期间,辉瑞公司与百欧恩泰公司联合开发的mRNA疫苗是美国食品和药物管理部门批准的第一个新冠肺炎疫苗。当时,该疫苗显示出了91%的有效性,此后被证明能够减少因新冠肺炎导致的住院和死亡人数。此外,Moderna的mRNA新冠疫苗也经美国药品监督管理局FDA批准获得紧急使用授权,直接推动mRNA疫苗成为全球关注热点,2021年度《麻省理工科技评论》“全球十大突破性技术”名单之首即为mRNA疫苗。在那之后,诸多药企入局,希望将mRNA疫苗的适应证范围扩展到其他感染性疾病、肿瘤等领域。科学家们称,这场大流行病可能造成的影响之一就是加速癌症疫苗的发明。据BioNTech官网,该公司现在有几种癌症疫苗处于临床试验阶段。其拥有超过30个产品管线,肿瘤相关的约15个,其正在开发针对直肠癌、黑色素瘤和其他癌症类型的治疗方法。吴沙忻表示,辉瑞和BioNTech成功研发出新冠疫苗,也推动了该公司在研发癌症疫苗方面的工作。有业内人士表示,在大的分类上,肿瘤疫苗可区分为预防性肿瘤疫苗和治疗性肿瘤疫苗。其中,最为典型和广为人熟知的预防性肿瘤疫苗即为HPV疫苗,预防宫颈癌发生。但作为治疗疫苗,mRNA癌症疫苗研发难度仍然较大。

B | 疫苗专家陶黎纳表示,与通过较弱版本病毒制造出的传统疫苗不同,mRNA技术只使用病毒的遗传密码。当mRNA进入人体时,它也会进入细胞,令其制造相关抗原。因此,mRNA疫苗在疫苗作用机制上并无突破,就是刺激免疫系统的强度大了不少,是否能成就癌症疫苗的招牌,有待实践检验。此外,因为构成肿瘤的癌细胞中可能含有多种不同的蛋白质,使得制造针对所有癌细胞而不针对健康组织的疫苗变得极其困难。“疫苗的免疫机制是利用免疫系统针对异己的免疫反应。免疫系统也有针对叛变的自己——癌细胞的免疫机制,但和针对异己的不一样。所以,以建立在针对异己机制上的疫苗原理,去研发针对自己细胞的癌症疫苗,存在机制上的限制,难度大在这里。” 陶黎纳进一步解释道。对于疫苗上市的时间以及是否有效等问题,北京商报记者联系了BioNTech方面,但截至发稿还未收到回复。不过BioNTech对此持谨慎态度。

C | 蒂雷吉表示,作为科学家,不能轻言“治愈”癌症,但目前已经取得了许多突破。事实上,此前已有企业在布局癌症疫苗。2010年4月,FDA批准第一款治疗性疫苗Provenge,用于治疗前列腺癌。但Provenge并未带来颠覆性的疗效。临床试验结果显示,比起对照组,Provenge仅将患者的总体生存期延长4.1个月。但Provenge的销量未达预期,其研发公司Dendreon也以破产告终。

D | 因为Provenge疗效一般,但价格昂贵。Provenge属于自体细胞免疫疗法,需使用患者自身的免疫细胞制造,成本较高,每疗程价格高达9.3万美元。

E | 而同样治疗前列腺癌的阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺分别在2011年和2012年上市,价格仅为Provenge的一半。值得注意的是,除了BioNTech,在mRNA药物治疗领域,Moderna、默沙东、葛兰素史克、斯微生物、艾博生物等企业均有布局。截至2022年3月31日,全球mRNA药物进入临床管线的共有56个,研发主要集中在疫苗领域。智慧芽全球新药情报库Pharmsnap数据平台显示,BioNTech和Moderna是走在前沿的两家企业,结直肠癌、黑色素瘤等在研适应症均处于临床2期。据报道,10月中旬,Moderna宣布与国际药企默沙东合作,将联合开发并销售一种个性化精准治疗癌症疫苗,推动Moderna的mRNA技术与默沙东PD-1肿瘤疗法Keytruda(K药)联用,探索治疗高危黑色素瘤患者。根据协议,默沙东将向Moderna支付2.5亿美元。
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