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Toddler 'formulas' are unnecessary and lack nutritional benefits of milk, pediatrician group warns_我的网站
A | Beverages marketed as toddler "formula" are unnecessary and some have questionable marketing practices, according to a new report from the American Academy of Pediatrics.In recent years, the popularity of these formulas — referred to as Older Infant and Young Child Formulas (OIYCFs) — has risen significantly, according to research published in the journal Public Health Nutrition. The study found sales went up by 158% between 2006 and 2015. However, experts say there are several concerns surrounding their usage."Many parents mistakenly believe that OIYCFs offer something more, something unique that cow milk together with a varied diet with fortified foods can't provide," Dr. George Fuchs, professor of pediatrics and epidemiology at the University of Kentucky and lead author on the new AAP report, told ABC News. "This misconception can be largely attributed to the advertising and branding of these products."The AAP recommends babies drink infant formula or breastmilk until they are 12 months old and then transition to cow's milk in addition to solid foods, which are typically introduced at about 6 months.Toddler "formula" is sometimes marketed as a "transitional" or "weaning" formula for infants who are 0 -12 months old, according to the new report. But unlike infant formula, which must meet certain FDA guidelines for nutritional content, there are no standard nutritional requirements for toddler "formula," the report says."Toddler formula is unnecessary for the vast majority of toddlers and its nutritional value is inferior to that of whole cow's milk, especially when accounting for the additional sugar content of toddler formula," Dr. Keyana Washington, a pediatrician with Gwinnett Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine in Georgia, who was not involved with the report, told ABC News.There are misconceptions about the drinks, according to Dr. Nagela Sainté-Thomas, a pediatric emergency medicine specialist from El Paso, Texas."One reason for their popularity is parents and caregivers believe these drinks provide nutrients similar to solid foods and if they have significant challenges integrating solids into their toddler's diet, they can easily utilize this 'nutritional' substitution," Sainté-Thomas, who was not involved in the AAP report, told ABC News.In 1986, The World Health Assembly had already identified special formulas for older infants as unnecessary. Many global health organizations -- including the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and UNICEF, in addition to WHO -- emphasize that a combination of breast milk, whole cow's milk, water, and appropriate solid foods is nutritionally sufficient for most toddlers.Toddler "formulas" are not necessarily dangerous or bad for children, the AAP said in its report. They can be part of a balanced diet for babies 12 months and older, but are not better than cow's milk, the report said.But some companies making OIYCFs imply that their products add an important part of a toddler diet, even though that's not the case, according to the new AAP report.OIYCFs often appear very similar to infant formulas, according to the AAP report, which may cause confusion among parents and caregivers. Some companies use similar names, colors, designs, and even slogans for their OIYCFs and infant formulas, the report found.The pediatricians ABC News spoke with say parents and caregivers should make sure toddlers have a varied diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, proteins, dairy, water, and either breast milk, infant formula, or whole cow's milk.Parents and caregivers should talk to their pediatricians about the role OIYCFs might play in their child's diet."The decision to deviate from the recommendation to give whole cow's milk starting at age 12 months is one that parents should make in consultation with their pediatrician," Washington said.Daniel A. Carnegie, MD, MPH, MBA is a preventive medicine resident at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit.。 胶质母细胞瘤是一种侵略性的癌症，五年内的存活率只有5%。它的治疗方法通常是通过手术切除肿瘤，然后进行放疗或化疗来清除任何剩余的细胞。不幸的是，这种癌症经常以对这些治疗有抵抗力的形式复发。但在一项新研究中，斯坦福大学的科学家们开发了一种创伤性较小的方法来治疗脑瘤，在小鼠的测试中，这种方法大大增加了生存时间。只需每天进行15分钟的治疗，持续15天，甚至在小鼠只是做他们平常的事情的时候。该技术是在一种新兴的治疗各种类型癌症的方法上发挥作用，该方法涉及将纳米粒子注入肿瘤，然后触发它们升温。触发器可以采取电磁场、超声波或光的形式，由于癌细胞对热量比健康细胞更敏感，这可以在对周围组织伤害最小的情况下杀死它们。斯坦福大学的新设备被设计为植入皮肤和颅骨之间，并在开启时发出红外光。由黄金制成的星形纳米粒子通过颅骨上的一个小孔被注入脑瘤，来自该设备的红外光将它们加热到5°C之多。经过几轮这样的治疗，癌细胞被成功杀死。
B | 该团队说，调整红外能量的功率以及光的波长可以使他们针对不同大小的肿瘤和大脑内的不同位置。在对小鼠的测试中，科学家们发现这种治疗方法能够减少大脑中的癌细胞，并大大延长动物的寿命--平均来说，是未接受治疗的小鼠生存时间的三倍。当化疗被添加到这个组合中时，小鼠的存活时间甚至更长。尽管到目前为止这项研究看起来很有希望，但当然很难将其结果推及到人类。但该团队希望扩大该设备的规模，以用于人类患者，作为对抗这种致命癌症形式的另一种武器。该研究发表在《自然-纳米技术》杂志上。
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